Prudence Primrose

翻訳Translations

Fulfilment of the Way

From the Gāndhārī Perfection of Wisdom, by way of Richard Salomon's The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhara (2018) · October 2025

Her English

The original

It was spoken:1

evaṃ me … śrudo

lines 1-01

The Cowherd was staying at Calvary.2 There he sat in the centre of the square courtyard, surrounded by his congregation of monks and nuns, and addressed young Benedict3 “May you be inspired, Benedict, to preach to those who seek awakening, wishing to benefit all beings. Share our teachings with them, and surely they will find the Way they seek.”

eka samae bhag̱ava Rayagaha viharati Grijaüḍe pravade mahada bhikhusaṃgheṇa … aḍhatreḍaśahi bhikhuśatehi tatra ho bhag̱ava aïśpa Suhuti amaṃtreti paḍibhadu te Suhuti bosisatvasa … mahasetvasa prañaparimidu aradhya yasa bosisatve mahasatve prañapara … midae ṇiyayae

lines 1-01–1-04

Irenaeus, who sat on the side listening4, wondered to himself “Will Benedict be speaking his own truths?5 Or will the Cowherd really be speaking through him?”

asa ho aïśpasa Śariputrasa edad ahoṣi kim ayaṃ aüsa Subhuti atviyeṇa sva … yeṇa valadhaṃdaṇeṇa ṇidiśiśasi asa hi budhaṇubhaveṇa

lines 1-04–1-05

Benedict, predicting Irenaeus’ thought, spoke aloud “When any of his students speak truthfully, they are vessels for his word.

asa ho aïśpa Suhuti aïśpa Śariputro eda … d oya kiṃ ci aüsa Śariputra bhag̱avado ṣavag̱a maṃtreti sarva ta … sagadasa puruṣakaro …

lines 1-05–1-07

When we practice the teachings as our Cowherd taught us, we come to experience their true nature directly; and once we’ve become one with that true nature, all of our words flow directly from it.

ta kisaṃ hedu yo hi tasagadeṇa dhama deśido tatra dhaṃmadeśaṇae tatra dhaṃmadeśaṇae śikṣamaṇa dhaṃmata … sakṣikarotitasagadadhaṃmadeśaṇae eṣo ṇesaṃdo

lines 1-07–1-08

We do not contradict that true nature. That is what it means to follow the Cowherd.”

yaṃ te kulaputra uvadiśaṃti … dhaṃ … matae …

lines 1-08–1-09

Then Benedict, drawing upon the truth the Cowherd granted him, addressed him directly “Cowherd, you have beckoned me to teach the Way to the Saints, ‘Saint this, Saint that,’ but what does Saint refer to?6 What teachings do these Saints possess?

avusa Subhuti aṇa…obhag̱avado edad oya … evaṃ … bhaṣu Subhuti bosisatvasa mahasatvasaprañaparamida … bosisatvo di bhaṃte vucati kadamasa edo dhaṃmasa adhivayaṇo bosisatvo di

lines 1-09–1-11

I would not know where to find a Saint, nor their teachings, nor the Way — so tell me Cowherd — how is it that I may teach anyone the Way, let alone a Saint? What Saint shall I teach, and in which Way?

ṇa hu bhaṃte bhag̱ava … sa … maṇupaśamiyam ida bosisatvadhaṃmoso ahaṃ bhaṃte ado … bosisatv…ṇa … u … so ahaṃaṇualahamaṇa bosisatvosa ca paramida prañaparamida asaṃmaṇuasamaṇupaśaṃti bosisa … tvoprañaparamidae oadiśama

lines 1-11–1-14

Yet… when I give the teachings you have asked me to… if a Saint does not flinch, does not submit, does not lose faith, does not cower or turn away… this is their instruction in the Way, their experience of it.

avi ho vaṇabhaṃte bhag̱avasaye he bosisatvasaeva … uvadiśamaṇacito ṇa oliatiṇa viparapriṭhibhavatiṇa saṃtraso avajati eṣa yeva … praña … paramidaeanuśaśaṇieṣa yeva bosisatvasa prañaparamida

lines 1-14–1-16

If a Saint remains devout following the Way, let them not become proud of their mind’s progression, for that Somethingness, is in truth Emptiness7 — the natural state of the mind is awoken.”

saye hievaṃ tiṭhadi … bha … g̱avabosisatveṇa mahasatveṇa evaṃ śikṣitavo yaṃ ca śikṣati teṇa yevateṇa yeva bosisatveṇa … ta kisa hedudaṃtaṃ taṃ cito acito

lines 1-16–1-18

Irenaeus’ curiosity was piqued, and he asked Benedict “If Somethingness is Emptiness, can such a Something even exist?

asa hu aïśpa Śariputro aïśpa Suhoti edad ocaki … Su … bhutiasti taṃ citoyaṃ cito acito

lines 1-18–1-19

Benedict replied “In this state of Emptiness, can we speak of Somethingness or Nothingness, can either be observed?”

evaṃ vuto aïśpa Suhuti aïśpa Śariputra edad oya ki …ya acitadatatra astida … nastida vauvalabhati

lines 1-19–1-20

“No, wise Benedict, we cannot.”

no hidaṃ aüsa Suhuti

lines 1-20

Left out, as a repetition

saye hi tatra acitadae …ṇastida vauvalabhatiṇo hidaṃ aüsa Suhuti

lines 1-20–1-21

“If in this state of Emptiness, neither can be observed, then why even wonder whether Somethingness exists that is Emptiness?”

saye hi tatra acitadaeastida vanastida vana u … ijatiavi nu hu yot eṣo pracanuyog̱o

lines 1-21–1-22

“Then what is this state of Emptiness you speak of?”

“Emptiness, dear Irenaeus, is unchanging and free from abstract thought8.”

asa ho aïśpa Subhudi aïśpa Śariputro edad oyaya aï … hiki puṇu eṣa acitada

lines 1-22–1-23

Irenaeus smiled at this, and praised Benedict “Excellently spoken Benedict! In those words one can recognise the true Saint, who shall not turn their back on Awakening.

asa ho aïśpa Śariputro aïśpa Subhudi edad oya sasu sasu Suhuti … daeagadae ṇidiṭho … eṣo uvarikṣidavoavira … hido …

lines 1-23–1-25

It would do well for any Saint-to-be to ponder them. Those who wish to follow the Way should study them; let them be remembered, learned, and practiced, for you have carefully harmonised its detail.”

prañaparami … taevedaïdavoṣavag̱abhumie va śikṣamaṇeṇaayam eva prañaparamida śodavata kisa hedu pra … ñaparamidaedhaṃmavigubaṇa uvadiṭhayasa bosisatveṇaśikṣitavo

lines 1-25–1-26

Wise Benedict sat ponderously for a moment, and then addressed the Cowherd again “Cowherd, I cannot find this thing you call ‘Saint,’ nor this thing you call ‘the Way,’ I cannot find or observe Something, I cannot use a mere name like ‘Saint?’

asa ho aïśpa Suhoti eda … d oyayatra ho bhaṃte bhag̱avaeda yevabosisatvo ṇamaṇa vedamiṇa uvalahamiaviṃdamaṇaaṇua … ma bosisatvo prañaparamidaeanuśaśemiedod eya me bhaṃte bhag̱avakokaca … aṇuva … labhamaṇaṇamadheo karea bosisatvo di

lines 1-26–1-29

Even that name has no ground to stand on, yet it is not groundless either… That name has never manifested, so it cannot be said to exist or not exist...

avi ho vaṇa bhaṃte bhag̱ava … a iṭhidoṇa thido

lines 1-29–1-30

There is something I understand now: When a Saint hears such teachings and does not cower or turn away, then this Saint is Awoken — a Saint such as that is inseparable from the Way, following it firmly through pious practice —

saye hi bosisatvasaprañaparamida uadiśamaṇaeṇa oli … adi … saṃtraso avajatithido bosisatvoniyudoavevaṭiae dhaṃdue

lines 1-30–1-31

They know they must not take their stand on their senses, nor on their abstraction, rationale, or cognition; for if one takes their stand on things one is moving in the realm of mere constructed things, and if one takes their stand on cognition than they are moving in the realm of mere constructed cognition. It is not possible to follow the Way while reliant upon these manifestations; no one who is driven by things or by thoughts is able to grasp the Way.”

puṇ avaro bhaṃte bhag̱ava … praña … paramidae caṃraṃtenarua ti no thadavo saye rua ti thaveti ruaavisaṃkhare caṃratie … vaṃ … saye viñaṇaṃ ti thavetiviñanaavisaṃkhare carati ta ki … sa hedu … parighiṇati

lines 1-31–1-34

Wise Irenaeus asked Benedict what he meant by grasping the Way, and Benedict replied “When we practice the Way, dear Irenaeus, and let go of things and of thoughts, we must even let go of the Way itself. That is the noble manner that the great Saint’s practice the Way, not even daring to grasp Truth itself! For no word or philosophy can approach it.

asa ho aaśpa Śariputro aïśpa Suhuti evaṃm ahakasa … pra … ñaparamida parighiṇati evaṃ vuto aïśpa Suhuti aïśpa Śariputro edad oya ruo aüsa Śariputra … hi … yo ruasa aparigraho ṇa so ruoevaṃ vedaṇa saṃña saṃkhara viñaṇo … aparigrahidoyo vi … viñaṇasa vi prañaparamidaaparigrahida evaṃ hi … bosisatveṇa mahasatveṇa … caridavo ayaṃ bosisatvasa aparigrahida ṇama samasi asadharaṇa aparig̱ahe … ra … g̱a…u sarva … ñada aparigrahidata kisa heduna hi sa ṇimitado vi hatavo

lines 1-34–1-39

If Truth could be grasped, then countless Saints would have found it with no need of faith. But it was faith in the Awakening they experienced, and its wisdom, that the Saints found understanding... They did not react to that understanding with pleasure or joy, they did not see it within things or without things or separate from things, nor did they see it through their thoughts. It was not seen as within Somethingness, or outside of Somethingness, or separate from Somethingness. All phenomena were let go of, and there was no phenomena to be grasped. Even Nothingness was let go of… Only through complete surrender of these could the Saints find conviction through their faith…

設想視者為不了,為如餘道人不信薩芸若。何以故?反謂有身,正使餘道人信佛。信佛已,反持小道入佛道中。入佛道中已,不受色,痛痒思想生死識不受,不受已亦未曉,尚未成,亦不見慧,亦不於內見慧,亦不於外見慧,亦不於餘處見慧,亦不於內痛痒思想生死識見慧,亦不於外痛痒思想生死識餘處見慧,亦不於餘處脫,以學成就佛了知,從法中以脫去,謂法等一泥洹。菩薩莫作是行,莫內外視法,吁與般若波羅蜜等,一切無所受、無所從,誰得法?無所持、無所收,亦無所泥洹想。

Lokakṣema’s Chinese, 179 CE

Cowherd, this is the Way of the Saint.

avaṃ pi bhaṃte bhag̱ava bosisatvasa … praña … paramida

lines 1-39–1-40

Let them examine it, let them ask ‘What is this Way? For whom is this Way? Is it the Way if I cannot find it?’ If they ask these unanswerable questions and do not cower or turn away, then that Saint is truly inseparable from the Way.”

puṇ avaro bhaṃte bhag̱ava bosisatveṇa mahasatveṇa prañaparamidae caraṃteṇaevaṃ uvarikṣidavo … prañaparamida kas eṣa prañaparamidaki yo dhaṃmo na vijati na labhatisa prañaparamida … na saṃtrasati … ma…o avirahito bosisatvo prañaparamidae

lines 1-40–1-42

Left out

asa ho Subhudi … edad oyakiṃkaraṇo avirahido bosisatvo prañaparamidae

lines 1-42–1-43

Left out

evaṃ vuto aïśpa Suhuti aïśpa Śariputro … edad oya ruo yeva aüsa Śariputra virahido ruasvabhaveṇa

lines 1-43–1-44

Left out, as a repetition

eva vedaṇa saṃña saṃkharaviñaṇo … Śariputra virahido viñaṇasvabhaveṇa

lines 1-44–1-45

Left out, as a repetition

prañaparamida yeva aüsa Śariputra virahida prañaparamidasvabhaveṇa …

lines 1-45–1-46

Left out

edad oya … bosisatvo atra śikṣiśati …

lines 1-46–1-47

Left out

aïśpa Subhuti edad oya evam edo aüsa Śariputra … bo … sisatvo atra śikṣiśati sa ṇiyaïśati sarvañadae

lines 1-47–1-48

Left out

ta kisa hedu aniyada ajato saṃrvadhaṃma … bosisatvasa mahasatvasasarvañuda abhasaṃṇa bhavatiayaṃ puṇu bosisatvo mahasatvo prañaparamidae … abhaśibhavati

lines 1-48–1-50

Irenaeus, inspired, spoke in turn “I now understand the many pitfalls. To practice in things or in thoughts is to practice in mere form, mere grasping.

pun avaro aïśpa Suhuti bosisatvo aradhva evaṃ ahasaye ruve carati … ṇimiti carati saye ruvasa viṇaśe carati ṇimiti carati roo su … ca … rati ahaṃ carami ti … uvalabha carati pialo eva vedana saṃña saṃkhara saye viñaṇe carati … saye viñaṇasa upade carati ṇimiti carati saye viñaṇasa viṇaśe carati ṇimiti carati … ṇimiti carati ahaṃ carami tiualaṃbhe carati

lines 1-50–1-54

Any name we would give to the true Saint’s Way would not be a true name!

ayaṃ bosisatvo mahasatvo ṇimita yeva … evaṃ carati so prañaparamidae carati prañaparamida bhaveti ṇimita …

lines 1-54–1-56

Left out

Śariputra a … sa

lines 1-56

Instead a true Saint must move beyond seeing and practicing, even beyond the concepts of seeing and practicing. They must not rely upon any particular practice, instead treading the Way without sight. Because no phenomena come from anywhere or hold anything, because all names cannot truly be given, the state of Emptiness is boundless and without limit. The state where a Saint discovers Awakening.”

須菩提言:「不行色,不生色行,不觀色行,不滅色行,不空色行;不痛痒思想生死識行,不生識行,不觀識行,不滅識行,不空識行;不行色,不色想行,不色生行,不色觀行,不識滅行,不識空行;亦無見亦無行,亦無見行,無行無見,亦復無行,亦無止行。如是為無見。何以故?一切法無所從來亦無所持,菩薩摩訶薩一切字法不受字,是故三昧無有邊、無有正,諸阿羅漢、辟支佛所不能及知。菩薩摩訶薩隨三昧者,疾得作佛。」

Lokakṣema’s Chinese, 179 CE

Benedict spoke again through the Cowherd’s influence “All Saints received a prediction from the Saints who came before them ‘You will reach Awakening.’ Although they dwell in Emptiness they do not grasp at it, they do not think about it or make claims about it, they do not say “I am in this state,” or “I am sitting in meditation.” By treading the Way, one loses all doubts about it.”

持佛威神,須菩提說是語,菩薩皆得阿惟越致字,前過去佛時得作佛,隨三昧亦不見三昧,亦無有三昧想,亦不作三昧,亦不念識三昧,亦不想識坐三昧,亦不言我三昧,已隨是法者無有疑。

Lokakṣema’s Chinese, 179 CE

Iraenaeus asked “Can anyone point to or perceive this Emptiness where a Saint dwells?”

舍利弗謂須菩提:「何所三昧隨行?菩薩已得阿惟越致字,前過去佛時得作佛,可得見三昧處不?」

Lokakṣema’s Chinese, 179 CE

Benedict replied “No, it cannot be shown or seen dear Iraenaeus. Even a Saint cannot know or understand it directly.”

須菩提言:「不可得見也。舍利弗!善男子亦不知亦不了。」

Lokakṣema’s Chinese, 179 CE

Thus was it spoken, heard, and received.

The Gāndhārī is the oldest Perfection of Wisdom yet found: chapter 1 on a birch-bark scroll of the Split Collection, written in Kharoṣṭhī in the first century CE, as transcribed in the Corpus of Gāndhārī Texts by Stefan Baums and Andrew Glass, after the edition of Harry Falk and Seishi Karashima. It is given here as a reading text: lighter letters are restored by the editors, … marks a gap in the bark, and each line ends at one of the scribe's own pauses. The scroll does not carry one passage of the chapter and breaks off at line 1-56; there the original is Lokakṣema's Chinese translation of the same sūtra, made in 179 CE. Source

Notes

By the editor.

  1. The text is the Gāndhārī Perfection of Wisdom, written in Kharoṣṭhī on a fragmentary birchbark scroll of the Split collection. Radiocarbon tests give a probable date between 47 and 147 CE, among the earliest Mahāyāna witnesses. It was published by Falk and Karashima in 2012 and 2013 without translation. Lokakṣema's Chinese version of 179 CE is the nearest relative. ↩
  2. Her Cowherd stands for the Lord, the Buddha, and Calvary for Vulture Peak at Rājagṛha, where the sutra's opening places him with a great assembly of monks, 1,250 in the Sanskrit tradition. Her renaming sets the Gospel hill in the place of the Indian one. Read with The Flower Sermon, where the Buddha also teaches on that mountain. ↩
  3. Benedict is Subhūti. In the older tradition he is the disciple "foremost in dwelling in peace," and in the Perfection of Wisdom he is the Buddha's chosen speaker. The Buddha asks him to reveal how a bodhisattva becomes skilled in the perfection of wisdom, and her address "preach to those who seek awakening" is that request. ↩
  4. Irenaeus is Śāriputra, called in the mainstream sutras "foremost of those of great wisdom." Salomon notes that in the Perfection of Wisdom he turns into the straight man, who must keep asking Subhūti to explain. His role reverses the old order, and the reader learns through his questions. ↩
  5. Śāriputra wonders whether Subhūti will speak by his own ability or through the Buddha's power. Subhūti knows what he is thinking and answers that whatever a disciple says is the Tathāgata's doing. This frame story opens the sutra, as Salomon points out, and it is what her Benedict does here. ↩
  6. "Saint" is bodhisattva, a being bound for awakening. Subhūti says he cannot find any object to which the word refers, and asks how he could teach one. A name with no referent is the sutra's first move, and it is the root of everything after. See What Does It Mean to Kill Buddha? for the same loosening of names. ↩
  7. This is śūnyatā, emptiness, the Perfection of Wisdom's teaching that things have no essence of their own. In the Gāndhārī text, Subhūti tells Śāriputra that form is without the essence of form, and likewise feeling and consciousness. The Heart Sūtra, a later compression, says "form is emptiness." She uses Somethingness and Emptiness in Ungrasped and in Women. ↩
  8. Buddhist philosophy calls the conceptual fabric vikalpa, and emptiness is its absence. Salomon points to a Gāndhārī line on thought and no-thought that differs from the Sanskrit and from Lokakṣema's Chinese, showing how the sutra grew. Her closing questions about showing and seeing carry the same turn. ↩